Here will soon come a bigger survey article on

Photosynthesis & Green Evolution

Modern photosynthesis optimization has principally three major optimization levels that is interconnected in a dynamic process regulation:

                                                              1. Theoretical yield level in a plant species

                                                              2.  Genotypic variability within a species - Plant breeding

A randomized field trial in barley displaying visible genotypical variability in days from sowing to seed ripening. The plots are from a evolutionary & bioexergy research field trial looking at the effects of modern plant breeding in cereals laid out by Rune Ekman during 1979 at the Swedish Seed Association at Svalöv, Sweden - a plant breeding centre in Sweden. Above is seen 40 different barley varieties up to 200 years old and modern cultivars mixed randomised in 4 replicates on different nitrogen application levels to see their response in different agronomically essential characters. Most such characters are not seen easily by the eye like grain size, protein characters etc, uptake of potassium and so on. But the degree of seed ripening is easily seen by the eye as the photo above indicate. A yellow plot above indicate an early ripening variety and a dark green a late ripening variety. This depends on so called ontogenetic differences in how the genomes respond to e g daylength, temperature and several other characters the breeder has to optimize for a regional agronomic demand.

Since barley - like e g wheat - is a true selfpollinator principally no mixing of pollen between the plots seen above are expected. In cross pollinators like rye and hemp the situation is the opposite. In a strict cross pollinating crop - like rye or hemp - this vaietal difference would be totally destroyed until next season. Genetic variability has a crucial importans for farmers at different latitudes.

The earliest seed ripening barley varieties pictured may be best suited for "the polar circle" region, while the latest are aimed for south Germany.

- How is this genetic variability created by the plant breeder ?

This is done through man made physical emasculation of anthers a week or so before pollen ripening by the time of "heading". This is followed - within a few days by planned introduction of ripe anthers (carrying ripe pollen) from cultivars/varieties with wanted new characters. The set grain in that specific flower will create a F1 hybrid internmediary between the parents. In the next generation - F2 generation and further -  a genetic variability is however seen due to the Mendelian Laws of genetics/heritage. Suitable such offsprings are selected by the plant breeder during repeated years of check and selection for many characters of agricultural and economic interest - directly or indirectly - for people like You reading this.   

By this mean new cultivars of every agricultural or vegetable species has been created in a scientific way since ~150 years globally but also in a less scientific selection way since 13 000 years by the global farming society.

By such antropogenic controlled crossings and systematic selections during about 8 generations after a traditional crossing cultivars with agronomic better characters in e g lodging resistans, parasite resistance and radical new grain characters is produced today making it possible for more an more people to work outside agriculture since about 150 years. The technologization of agroculture was  - and is still - a true major "driving force" behind the technologization of our current global society and economy.

Genetics, Plant Breeding Theory & Centres around the world (Here will hopefully soon come an article within the topic from a most experienced professionel plant breeder of barley during several decades.)

                                                              3.  Phenotypic optimizations: Cultivation site related optimizations

                                                              4. Growth Optimizations at the farmer field level = Yield optimization

2009-08-06, Sweden lat 58 N: Wheat cultivation in e g Sweden is a 11 -12 ton grain/ha story in 2009 at 14% water content. Here the winter wheat cultivar "Skalmeje" grown for seed propagation and later feed purposes. Such a wheat crop has a total above ground biomass ~25 tonnes/ha. Two "professors of growth optimization" in Sweden - one in theory and one in practice: Above agronomy advisor Dave Servin(left) summing the wheat growing season with one of his peak performing professional farmers year after year in the region - Sven Bramsvik, Igelösa Farm, Ystad region in south Sweden. Sven gets annually 10 - 12 ton/ha of grain at 14% water in his wheat crop. Here they are seen in the field the day before harvest. Modern commercial photosynthesis is a 100 parameter equation to solve. These professionals have the complete knowledge and the team capacity already today to stop global warming on commercial basis if You order sequestration at Project AgroChallenge. They are already familiar with all the necessary tools and logistic involved. These professionals are prepared globally to stop Global Warming if they get the order from You via the Project AgroChallenge Sequestering Tool box below. If You just click and pay on this website You will starta logistic process taking away about 3,6 tonnes of CO2 annually if You order us 2 ton biomass sequestering one years or annually. These are representatives for the global professionals that knows and fully understand how to counterbalance global warming by intensified photosynthesis through efficient utilization of the peak performing soils of the planet. They represent the discrete professionals building the real core behind the survival of a mankind. These professionals represent a category that annually produce food to tousands of people making it possible for us other people to spend our time within other parts of technologization of man.

Professional agro teams like this are a prerequisite for a quick start up of Project AgroChallenge aims to launch a global CO₂ reset.

Project AgroChallenge will booster this type of team working nationally and globally. These persons represent a true elite of agronomic doer & knower professionals seen dangerous seldom in the media today to our estimation. It is also scientifically proven that working with photosynthesis create harmony in man of profound reasons most of us understand. It creates meaning and true rooting with our stoechiometric roots on the planet - the bioexergetic connection between plants and animals - like  man.

An educational tip for young readers of this site not having made their professional and educational selections yet:

If You don´t own land yourself - but is interested and can see the beauty of these challenges - we strongly believe there will be a quick global increase in the demand of professional agronomists with focus on all aspects of more efficient land use and photosynthesis. The global potential is enormous for improved land use, we can certify.

2009-11-29 Rune Ekman